General Information
| Alternative Names | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP; G3PD; GAPDH; Peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase GAPDH; EC 2.6.99.-; EC 1.2.1.12 |
| Target Name | GAPDH |
| Description | Recombinant rabbit monoclonal antibody recognizes GAPDH |
| Species Reactivity | Hu, Ms, Rat, AGMK, Bov, Chk, Pig, Xenopus laevis, Zfsh |
| Host | Rabbit |
| Host Clonality | Rabbit mAb |
| Clone | Monoclonal |
| Clone Number | SQab1878 |
| Isotope | IgG |
| Antigen Species | Human |
| Antigen | Synthetic peptide corresponding to aa. 200-300 of human GAPDH. |
| Conjugate | Un-conjugated |
| Application | FACS, ICC/IF, IHC-P, IP, WB |
| Package | 50 μL; 100 μL |
| Form | Liquid |
| Purification | Purification with protein A. |
| Buffer | PBS, 0.02% Sodium azide, 0.5% BSA and 50% Glycerol |
| Storage | For continuous use, store undiluted antibody at 2-8°C for up to a week. For long-term storage, aliquot and store at -20°C. Storage in frost free freezers is not recommended. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles. Suggest spin the vial prior to opening. The antibody solution should be gently mixed before use. |
| Note | For research use only. Not intended for any clinical use. |
Application Suggestions
| Recommended Dilution for WB | 1:2000 - 1:20000 |
| Recommended Dilution for IHC-P | 1:100 - 1:500 |
| Recommended Dilution for IF | 1:100 - 1:500 |
| Recommended Dilution for IP | 1:20 - 1:50 |
| Recommended Dilution for ICC | 1:100 - 1:500 |
| Recommended Dilution for FACS | 1:100 - 1:200 |
| Application Notes | IHC-P: Antigen Retrieval: Heat mediated was performed using Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0. * The dilutions indicate recommended starting dilutions and the optimal dilutions or concentrations should be determined by the scientist. |
Bioinformation
| Gene Name | GAPDH |
| Gene Full Name | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| Background | GAPDH protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. The product of this gene catalyzes an important energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The encoded protein has additionally been identified to have uracil DNA glycosylase activity in the nucleus. Also, this protein contains a peptide that has antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Studies of a similar protein in mouse have assigned a variety of additional functions including nitrosylation of nuclear proteins, the regulation of mRNA stability, and acting as a transferrin receptor on the cell surface of macrophage. Many pseudogenes similar to this locus are present in the human genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. |
| Biological Functions | GAPDH has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC. Modulates the organization and assembly of the cytoskeleton. Facilitates the CHP1-dependent microtubule and membrane associations through its ability to stimulate the binding of CHP1 to microtubules. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma treatment assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation. [UniProt] |
| Research Field | Cancer antibody; Controls and markers antibody; Metabolism antibody; Neuroscience antibody; Signaling transduction antibody; Loading control antibody; Loading control antibody for cytoplasmic fractions; Organelle marker antibody for cytoplasm; Autophagy study antibody |
| Predict Molecular Weight | 36 kDa |
| Post-Translational Modification | S-nitrosylation of Cys-152 leads to interaction with SIAH1, followed by translocation to the nucleus (By similarity). S-nitrosylation of Cys-247 is induced by interferon-gamma and LDL(ox) implicating the iNOS-S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex and seems to prevent interaction with phosphorylated RPL13A and to interfere with GAIT complex activity. ISGylated. Sulfhydration at Cys-152 increases catalytic activity. Oxidative stress can promote the formation of high molecular weight disulfide-linked GAPDH aggregates, through a process called nucleocytoplasmic coagulation. Such aggregates can be observed in vivo in the affected tissues of patients with Alzheimer disease or alcoholic liver cirrhosis, or in cell cultures during necrosis. Oxidation at Met-46 may play a pivotal role in the formation of these insoluble structures. This modification has been detected in vitro following treatment with free radical donor (+/-)-(E)-4-ethyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-3-hexenamide. It has been proposed to destabilize nearby residues, increasing the likelihood of secondary oxidative damages, including oxidation of Tyr-45 and Met-105. This cascade of oxidations may augment GAPDH misfolding, leading to intermolecular disulfide cross-linking and aggregation. [UniProt] |
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